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It was about midnight in June 2022 when police officers showed up at Angela Colliers door and told her that someone anonymously requested a welfare check because they thought she might have had a miscarriage.
Standing in front of the concrete steps of her home in Midway, Texas, Collier, initially barefoot and wearing a baggy gray T-shirt, told officers she planned to see a doctor in the morning because she had been bleeding.
Police body camera footage obtained by KFF Health News through an open records request shows that the officers then told Collier who was 29 at the time and enrolled in online classes to study psychology to turn around.
Instead of taking her to get medical care, they handcuffed and arrested her because she had outstanding warrants in a neighboring county for failing to appear in court to face misdemeanor drug charges three weeks earlier. She had missed that court date, medical records show, because she was at a hospital receiving treatment for pregnancy complications.
Despite her symptoms and being about 13 weeks pregnant, Collier spent the next day and a half in the Walker County Jail, about 80 miles north of Houston. She said her bleeding worsened there and she begged repeatedly for medical attention that she didnt receive, according to a formal complaint she filed with the Texas Commission on Jail Standards.
There wasnt anything I could do, she said, but just lay there and be scared and not know what was going to happen.
Colliers experience highlights the limited oversight and absence of federal standards for reproductive care for pregnant women in the criminal justice system. Incarcerated people have a constitutional right to health care, yet only a half-dozen states have passed laws guaranteeing access to prenatal or postpartum medical care for people in custody, according to a review of reproductive health care legislation for incarcerated people by a research group at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. And now abortion restrictions might be putting care further out of reach.
Colliers arrest was shocking and disturbing because officers blithely took her to jail despite her miscarriage concerns, said Wanda Bertram, a spokesperson for the Prison Policy Initiative, a nonprofit organization that studies incarceration. Bertram reviewed the body cam footage and Colliers complaint.
Police arrest people who are in medical emergencies all the time, she said. And they do that regardless of the fact that the jail is often not equipped to care for those people in the way an emergency room might be. Instead of taking Collier to get medical care when they arrived at her home for a wellness check, police handcuffed and arrested her because she had outstanding warrants in a neighboring county for failing to appear in court to face misdemeanor drug charges three weeks earlier.(Screen grab of body camera footage from the Madison County Sheriffs Office)
After a decline during the first year of the pandemic, the number of women in U.S. jails is once again rising, hitting nearly 93,000 in June 2022, a 33% increase over 2020, according to the Department of Justice. Tens of thousands of pregnant women enter U.S. jails each year, according to estimates by Carolyn Sufrin, an associate professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, who researches pregnancy care in jails and prisons.
The health care needs of incarcerated women have always been an afterthought, said Dana Sussman, deputy executive director at Pregnancy Justice, an organization that defends women who have been charged with crimes related to their pregnancy, such as substance use. For example, about half of states dont provide free menstrual products in jails and prisons. And then the needs of pregnant women are an afterthought beyond that, Sussman said.
Researchers and advocates worry that confusion over recent abortion restrictions may further complicate the situation. A nurse cited Texas abortion laws as one reason Collier didnt need care, according to her statement to the standards commission.
Texas law allows treatment of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancies, a life-threatening condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. However, different interpretations of the law can create confusion.
A nurse told Collier that hospitals no longer did dilation and curettage, Collier told the commission. Since I wasnt hemorrhaging to the point of completely soaking my pants, there wasnt anything that could be done for me, she said.
Collier testified that she saw a nurse only once during her stay in jail, even after she repeatedly asked jail staffers for help. The nurse checked her temperature and blood pressure and told her to put in a formal request for Tylenol. Collier said she completed her miscarriage shortly after being released.
Colliers case is a canary in a coal mine for what is happening in jails; abortion restrictions are going to have a huge ripple effect on a system already unequipped to handle obstetric emergencies, Sufrin said. Email Sign-Up
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There Are No Consequences
Jail and prison health policies vary widely around the country and often fall far short of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for reproductive health care for incarcerated people. ACOG and other groups recommend that incarcerated women have access to unscheduled or emergency obstetric visits on a 24-hour basis and that on-site health care providers should be better trained to recognize pregnancy problems.
In Alabama, where women have been jailed for substance use during pregnancy, the state offers pregnancy tests in jail. But it doesnt guarantee a minimum standard of prenatal care, such as access to extra food and medical visits, according to Johns Hopkins review.
Policies for pregnant women at federal facilities also dont align with national standards for nutrition, safe housing, and access to medical care, according to a 2021 report from the Government Accountability Office.
Even when laws exist to ensure that incarcerated pregnant women have access to care, the language is often vague, leaving discretion to jail personnel.
Since 2020, Tennessee law has required that jails and prisons provide pregnant women regular prenatal and postpartum care, as necessary. But last August a woman gave birth in a jail cell after seeking medical attention for more than an hour, according to the Montgomery County Sheriffs Office.
Pregnancy complications can quickly escalate into life-threatening situations, requiring more timely and specialized care than jails can often provide, said Sufrin. And when jails fail to comply with laws on the books, little oversight or enforcement may exist.
In Louisiana, many jails didnt consistently follow laws that aimed to improve access to reproductive health care, such as providing free menstrual items, according to a May 2023 report commissioned by state lawmakers. The report also said jails werent transparent about whether they followed other laws, such as prohibiting the use of solitary confinement for pregnant women.
Krishnaveni Gundu, as co-founder of the Texas Jail Project, which advocates for people held in county jails, has lobbied for more than a decade to strengthen state protections for pregnant incarcerated people.
In 2019, Texas became one of the few states to require that jails health policies include obstetrical and gynecological care. The law requires jails to promptly transport a pregnant person in labor to a hospital, and additional regulations mandate access to medical and mental health care for miscarriages and other pregnancy complications.
But Gundu said lack of oversight and meaningful enforcement mechanisms, along with apathy among jail employees, have undermined regulatory protections.
All those reforms feel futile, said Gundu, who helped Collier prepare for her testimony. There are no cosequences. Collier was about 13 weeks pregnant when she was arrested in June 2022. She said she was having pregnancy complications. Despite her symptoms, she spent the next day and a half in the Walker County Jail, about 80 miles north of Houston. She said her bleeding worsened there, and she begged repeatedly for medical attention that she didnt receive, according to a formal complaint she filed with the Texas Commission on Jail Standards.(Screen grab of body camera footage from the Madison County Sheriffs Office)
Before her arrest, Collier had been to the hospital twice that month experiencing pregnancy complications, including a bladder infection, her medical records show. Yet the commission found that Walker County Jail didnt violate minimum standards. The commission did not consider the police body cam footage or Colliers personal medical records, which support her assertions of pregnancy complications, according to investigation documents obtained by KFF Health News via an open records request.
In making its determination, the commission relied mainly on the jails medical records, which note that Collier asked for medical attention for a miscarriage once, in the morning on the day she was released, and refused Tylenol.
Your complaint of no medical care is unfounded, the commission concluded, and no further action will be taken.
Colliers miscarriage had ended before she entered the jail, argued Lt. Keith DeHart, jail lieutenant for the Walker County Sheriffs Office. I believe there was some misunderstanding, he said.
Brandon Wood, executive director of the commission, wouldnt comment on Colliers case but defends the groups investigation as thorough. Jails have a duty to ensure that those records are accurate and truthful, he said. And most Texas jails are complying with heightened standards, he said.
Bertram disagrees, saying the fact that care was denied to someone who was begging for it speaks volumes. That should tell you something about what these standards are worth, she said.
Last year, Chiree Harley spent six weeks in a Comal County, Texas, jail shortly after discovering she was pregnant and before she could get prenatal care, she said.
I was thinking that I was going to be well taken care of, said Harley, 37, who also struggled with substance use.
Jail officials put her in the infirmary, Harley said, but she saw only a jail doctor and never visited an OB-GYN, even though she had previous pregnancy complications including losing multiple pregnancies at around 21 weeks. This time she had no idea how far along she was.
She said that she started leaking amniotic fluid and having contractions on Nov. 1, but that jail officials waited nearly two days to take her to a hospital. Harley said officers forced her to sign papers releasing her from jail custody while she was having contractions in the hospital. Harley delivered at 23 weeks; the baby boy died less than a day later in her arms.
The whole experience was very scary, Harley said. Afterwards we were all very, very devastated.
Comal County declined to send Harleys medical and other records in response to an open records request. Michael Shaunessy, a partner at McGinnis Lochridge who represents Comal County, said in a statement that, at all times, the Comal County Jail provided Chiree Harley with all appropriate and necessary medical treatment for her and her unborn child. He did not respond to questions about whether Harley was provided specialized obstetric care.
I Trusted Those People
In states like Idaho, Mississippi, and Louisiana that installed near-total abortion bans after the Supreme Court eliminated the constitutional right to abortion in 2022, some patients might have to wait until no fetal cardiac activity is detected before they can get care, said Kari White, the executive and scientific director of Resound Research for Reproductive Health.
White co-authored a recent study that documented 50 cases in which pregnancy care deviated from the standard because of abortion restrictions even outside of jails and prisons. Health care providers who worry about running afoul of strict laws might tell patients to go home and wait until their situations worsen.
Obviously, its much trickier for people who are in jail or in prison, because they are not going to necessarily be able to leave again, she said.
Advocates argue that boosting oversight and standards is a start, but that states need to find other ways to manage pregnant women who get caught in the justice system.
For many pregnant people, even a short stay in jail can cause lasting trauma and interrupt crucial prenatal care.
Collier remembers being in disbelief when she was first arrested but said she was not distraught.
I figured I would be taken care of, that nothing bad was gonna happen to me, she said. As it became clear that she wouldnt get care, she grew distressed.
After her miscarriage, Collier saw a mental health specialist and started medication to treat depression. She hasnt returned to her studies, she said.
I trusted those people, Collier said about the jail staff. The whole experience really messed my head up. Collier testifies before the Texas Commission on Jail Standards in November 2022. Colliers case highlights the limited mandatory oversight and absence of federal standards for reproductive care for pregnant women in the criminal justice system, say advocates for prisoner rights.(Krishnaveni Gundu)
Renuka Rayasam: rrayasam@kff.org, @renurayasam Related Topics States Alabama Idaho Louisiana Mississippi Pregnancy Prison Health Care Tennessee Texas Women's Health Contact Us Submit a Story Tip
